Abstract Objetive: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) improved symptoms and increased survival and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. However, it should be the main cause of a complex organic systemic inflammatory response that greatly contributes to several postoperative adverse effects. Methods: We aimed to evaluate heat-shock protein 70 (HSP 70) expression as a morbimortality predictor in patients with preserved ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to determine their association with the lactate as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and the EuroSCORE risk score. This is a prospective, observational study including 46 patients and occurring between May and July 2016. Patients without ventricular dysfunction undergoing myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation were included. They were divided into (1) complicated and (2) uncomplicated postoperative evolution groups. EuroSCORE, lactate levels, and HSP 70 expression and their correlations were determined. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the group with complicated evolution had higher EuroSCORE values than the other group. HSP 70 protein levels were significantly increased in the group with uncomplicated evolution and showed similar results. According to our results, HSP family proteins may be independent predictors of uncomplicated evolution in patients without ventricular dysfunction undergoing CABG with CPB. Conclusion: HSP 70 should be a good discriminator and protection marker for complications in cardiac surgery.

Abstract The heat shock proteins are endogenous proteins with the ability to act as molecular chaperones. Methods that provide cell protection by way of some damage can positively influence the results of surgery. The present review summarizes current knowledge concerning the cardioprotective role of the heat shock proteins as occurs in heart damage, including relevant information about the stresses that regulate the expression of these proteins and their potential role as biomarkers of heart disease.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar alguns nutrientes essenciais da rúcula e o efeito do tratamento térmico na atividade da lipoxidase. Foram, assim, determinados: proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibras, cinzas, composição de ácidos graxos, α-tocoferol e carotenoides. Devido à sua importância na degradação lipídica, a atividade da lipoxidase foi medida em folhas cruas e cozidas. A composição foi (% massa fresca): 2,5 proteína; 0,3 lipídeos; 4,1 carboidratos; 1,3 fibra; 1,8 cinzas. A fase lipídica continha 6,2 mg de α-tocoferol, 5,3 mg de luteína e 3,2 mg de β-caroteno. Verificou-se que a rúcula é rica em ácido α-linolênico (48% de óleo). O tratamento térmico não foi suficiente para inativar totalmente a atividade da lipoxidase.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine some key nutrients in arugula (or rocket) and the effect of heat treatment on its lipoxidase activity. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fibre, ash, fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol and carotenoid contents were determined. Due to its importance in lipid degradation, the lipoxidase activity was measured in the raw and cooked leaves. The composition was (% fresh mass): 2.5 protein, 0.3 lipids, 4.1 carbohydrates, 1.3 fibre and 1.8 ash. The lipid phase contained 6.2 mg of α-tocopherol, 5.3 mg of lutein and 3.2 mg of β-carotene. Arugula was found to be rich in α-linolenic acid (48% of the oil). The heat treatment was not sufficient to totally inactivate the lipoxidase activity.

La piedra-jabon (jabon-de-sastre, piedra de talco), uno de los primeros materiales termo-resistentes usados en la manufactura de utensilios culinarios, ha recibido poca atencion sobre el impacto de su uso en el estado nutricional de la poblacion. El presente estudio piloto evalua el uso de utensilios de piedra-jabon en el estado nutricional en hierro de mujeres jovenes. Cinco monjas (37,6 �} 6,31 anos) reemplazaron sus tradicionales utensilios de aluminio por ollas de piedra-jabon, sin cualquier otra alteracion en la dieta. La comparacion de los parametros sanguineos, determinados antes y despues de 10 semanas de intervencion, mostro que la hemoglobina aumento, de 13,26 a 14,00 mg.dL-1 (p=0,0048) y el hematocrito, de 38,14 a 40,71 (p=0,0002), mientras el indice de saturacion de transferrina subio, de 28,04 a 28,96%, y la ferritina, de 31,50 a 34,74 ƒÊg�EL-1 (p=0.0681). Se concluye que mediante la simple eliminacion de los utensilios de aluminio y su substitucion por los de piedrajabon, posibilito una substancial mejoria del estado nutricional en hierro de todos los sujetos, en un termino relativamente corto.

Soapstone is among the first heat-resistant materials to have been used by man for the manufacture of culinary utensils, but its impact on human nutrition has merited little attention. Here, we present a preliminary evaluation of the impact of soapstone pans on the iron status in humans. Five nuns (37.6 ± 6.31y) replaced the soapstone for their traditional aluminum cookware, without any alteration of the diet itself. Comparison of the hematological data, determined before and 10 weeks after switching the pans, revealed that hemoglobin rose from 13.26 to 14.0 mg•dL-1 (p=0.0048), and hematocrit increased from 38.14 to 40.71% (p=0.0002), while the transferrin saturation index went from 28.04 to 28.96% (p=0.0147) and ferritin, from 31.5 to 34.74ìg•L-1 (p=0.0681). By simply replacing the soapstone for the traditional aluminum cookware, substantially improved the iron status in all subjects in a relatively short period of time.

Se investigó la influencia de la restricción energética en comparación a la suplementación con vitamina E en la memoria, aprendizaje, ansiedad y locomoción espontánea en ratas adultas. Machos Wistar de tres meses de edad fueron agrupados de acuerdo a las dietas: Control (AIN 93-M, n=18), Suplementados (AIN 93-M + 1425 UI all-rac-α-tocoferil acetato /kg de dieta; n=22) y Restrictos (AIN 93-M con 30% de restricción energética en los carbohidratos; n=23). Dieciséis semanas después, fueron aplicadas las pruebas de esquiva pasiva (PA), laberinto elevado en cruz (EPM) y de campo abierto (OF). En la prueba de EPM, el grupo suplementado mostró una menor frecuencia de entradas en los corredores abiertos (P < 0,026), mientras el grupo restricto registró menor frecuencia de bajadas de cabeza (P = 0,003). La razón entre la duración de los choques y el número de intentos fue superior para el grupo suplementado, que para los no suplementados (P = 0,0474), lo cual sugiere un leve perjuicio en el aprendizaje de los suplementados, según la prueba de PA. Tomados en conjunto, estos resultados sugieren que la restricción crónica en energía de carbohidratos no provoca alteraciones negativas en el comportamiento de ratas adultas y que sus beneficios pueden superar los obtenidos al suplementar la dieta patrón con vitamina E, como opción de dieta antioxidante.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of energy restriction and vitamin E supplementation on memory, learning, anxiety and spontaneous locomotion in adult rats. Three-month old male Wistar rats were grouped according to diet: Control (AIN 93-M; n=18), Supplemented (AIN 93-M + 1425 IU all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet; n=22) and Restricted (AIN 93-M with 30% reduction in carbohydrate energy; n=23). Sixteen weeks after, the passive avoidance (PA), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests were applied. In the EPM test, the behavioral profile of the supplemented group was characterized by a lower frequency of entries into the open arms (P < 0,026), whereas the restricted group showed a lower frequency of head dipping (P < 0,003). The ratio between the time span of the shocks and the number of attempts were larger for the supplemented than for the non-supplemented animals (P = 0,0474), thus suggesting a delay in learning in the PA test. Taken together, these results suggest that a long-term combination of carbohydrate energy restriction in rats should not cause negative behavioral alterations. Compared with vitamin E supplementation, the restricted diet performed equally or better in rats as an alternate antioxidant diet.

Os utensílios culinários podem liberar alguns componentes inorgânicos durante a cocção de alimentos. A migração destes pode ser interessante desde que ocorra em quantidades adequadas às necessidades nutricionais do usuário ou não existam implicações toxicológicas. Foi avaliada a migração de metais (Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Ni, Ca, Zn, Pb, Cd e Hg) por espectrometria de emissão óptica, utilizando ácidos láctico e acético como simulantes do alimento em panelas de aço inoxidável (304), ferro fundido (GG-10) e pedra-sabão (esteatito), durante 15 cocções seqüenciais. O comportamento da migração durante cinco ciclos de estocagem a 22ºC também foi estudado. Análise de regressão dos dados revelou que, em função do uso, as panelas de inox apresentam redução da migração de metais de forma rápida, enquanto as de pedra-sabão mostram um declínio suave na migração, contrastando com as de ferro, que apresentam aumento na migração de Fe e Mn com o uso contínuo. Em nenhum utensílio foi observada a liberação de metais pesados, como Pb, Cd ou Hg.

Cookware may release some inorganic components into foods during cooking. Migration of ions could be of nutritional interest provided they do not pose a toxic hazard or are released in excess of the recommended amounts. In the present study the migration of Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Ni, Ca, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg from stainless steel (304), cast iron (GG-10) and soapstone (steatite) commercial cooking pans was evaluated in 15 sequential operations using lactic and acetic acids as food simulants. The migration patterns were also studied along five cycles of storage at 22ºC. Regression analysis of the data showed that while ions migrated out of the stainless steel pans in a rapidly decreasing fashion, the rate of migration from the stone utensils exhibited a slow and gradual decrease, in contrast with the increasing tendency observed for Fe and Mn in the cast iron pans. In no case was the release of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium or mercury observed.

O grão de amaranto é geralmente consumido na sua forma integral. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da moagem do grão de amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus) brasileiro na composição química, nutricional, a estabilidade à oxidação e cor da farinha. Os grãos foram pré-condicionados para umidades entre 9,2 e 13,7% e fracionados em moinho para cereais. O aumento da umidade de 9,2 para 13,7% resultou na diminuição progressiva do rendimento da farinha, de 39 para 14%. A farinha refinada (quebra + redução), com 9,2% de umidade, mostrou teores de proteína total de 13,9%, contra 16,2% da farinha integral. O teor de lipídeos totais no amaranto integral (9,2% de umidade) variou de 6,78, para 6,11% na farinha refinada e o teor de fibra nos farelos diminuiu de 3,6 para 3,1%, ao passo que a cor da farinha se tornou mais atraente. Conclui-se que o fracionamento da farinha do grão de amaranto, apesar de produzir uma farinha com melhor aparência e alto teor protéico, apresenta rendimento baixo e não mostra diminuição substancial no teor de óleo da farinha refinada como para garantir uma maior estabilidade à autooxidação.

Grain amaranth is normally consumed whole. The effect of milling on the chemical and nutritional composition, stability to oxidation and color of the flours of the Brazilian grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) has been assessed. Grains of the cv Japônica were pre-conditioned to moistures from 9.2 to 13.7% and fractionated in a cereal mill. Increasing the moisture resulted in a pronounced decrease of flour yield from 39 to 14%. The refined flour (break and reduction fractions combined) of the 9.2% moisture grain showed a total protein content of 13.9%, against the 16.2% of the whole flour, whereas the total lipid content fell from 6.78 to 6.11% with no detectable change in oxidative stability after refining. The fiber content was reduced slightly, from 4.6 to 3.8% for the highest and the lowest moisture contents, respectively, while the lighter color attribute of the flour increased with processing. It is concluded that in spite of the better appearance and high protein content of the refined flour, milling of grain amaranth will result in low yields and that refining will not remove any substantial amounts of oil that would guarantee higher oxidation stability to the flour.

Este estudo investigou os efeitos da restrição energética (em carboidratos) e da suplementação com vitamina E em parâmetros metabólicos associados ao exercício físico. Ratos machos Wistar, de onze semanas de idade, após receberem dieta controle, restrita (controle modificada) ou suplementada (controle, adicionada de vitamina E), por cinco meses, foram subdivididos em duas categorias: exercitados e não exercitados. Antes do sacrifício, os ratos do grupo exercitado foram submetidos a exercício em esteira até a exaustão. Determinaram-se glicogênio hepático e muscular, glicemia, insulina plasmática e lactato sanguíneo, e registrou-se o tempo para alcançar a exaustão. A restrição energética aumentou o glicogênio hepático e a resistência ao exercício exaustivo e, quando associada ao exercício, reduziu a glicemia. A suplementação com vitamina E reduziu a resistência à exaustão, quando comparada à restrição energética, mas esta redução não foi significativa em relação à dieta controle. Estes resultados indicam que a restrição energética melhorou o desempenho físico, mas a suplementação com vitamina E não apresentou o mesmo efeito.

The effects of energy (carbohydrate) restriction and vitamin E supplementation on some exercise-induced metabolic modifications in rats were studied. Male Wistar, eleven-week old rats were fed control, or restricted amounts of a modified control, or control plus vitamin E diets. After feeding the diets for five months, the animals in each group were divided into exercised and non-exercised categories. Before being killed, the rats of the exercised category were required to run on a treadmill to exhaustion. Hepatic and muscular glycogen, plasma glucose, plasma insulin and blood lactate were determined and the time to reach exhaustion was registered. Energy restriction increased hepatic glycogen and resistance to exhaustive exercise and, associated to exercise, lowered the plasma glucose levels. Vitamin E supplementation decreased the resistance to exhaustion in the exercised animals, when compared to energy restriction, but this reduction was not significant in relation to control diet. These results indicate that energy restriction improved physical performance, but vitamin E supplementation did not present the same effect.

Discute-se o conjunto dos recentes relatórios do Institute of Medicine e Food and Nutrition Board da US National Academy of Sciences, publicados entre 1998 e 2000, dando-se particular ênfase ao livro das propostas de Ingestão Alimentar de Referência para os denominados antioxidantes alimentares. O conceito das DRI engloba os já conhecidos valores de Recomendações de Cotas ou Doses Alimentares (RDA), os novos valores de Ingestão Adequada, Ingestão Máxima Tolerável e as Estimativas Médias dos Requerimentos. O termo RDA continua em uso, e é reservado para a recomendação mais apurada de um determinado nutriente, da qual se tenha informação. Na tabela da Ingestão Alimentar de Referência, encontram-se as Recomendações de Doses Alimentares atualizadas e complementadas com valores de Ingestão Recomendada de Nutrientes canadenses, ou completadas com valores de Ingestão Adequada. Valores de Ingestão Máxima Tolerável para os antioxidantes, exceto os carotenóides, são fornecidos em separado.

This is a brief, commented review of the 1998-2000 reports of the Institute of Medicine/Food and Nutrition Board, of the US National Academy of Sciences, particularly that concerning the recommendations for dietary antioxidants. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) include Recommend Dietary Allowance (RDA), the new Adequate Intakes and the concepts of Upper Tolerable Intake Levels and Estimated Average Requirements. The term RDA therefore has not disappeared and continues to represent the most refined value known for a numerical recommendation. The Dietary Reference Intakes table is an ensemble of Recommended Dietary Allowance that were either updated, complemented with the Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intake, or completed with Adequate Intake values. Upper Tolerable Intake Leved for the antioxidants, except for the carotenoids, have been proposed in a separate table.

A prevalência de hipovitaminose A foi determinada pelos níveis séricos de retinol por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (Clae) em 131 crianças com idade entre 3 e 10 anos, residentes em 18 favelas do Município de Campinas, São Paulo, no período de abril de 1991 a fevereiro de 1992. A prevalência encontrada foi 17,6% com níveis entre 0,35 e 0,70 µmol/L (IC=11,1-24,1; 95%), o que indica a existência de certo risco de saúde pública. Entretanto, exames clínicos oftalmológicos não detectaram nenhum caso de xeroftalmia. Informações complementares sobre as características da amostra foram obtidas para 341 crianças. A renda per capita mostrou-se surpreendentemente alta. O consumo alimentar, segundo os critérios da FAO/WHO, só foi adequado para proteínas (133,96%), sendo os menores valores de adequação aqueles encontrados para energia (87,76%) e, principalmente, para vitamina A (66,13%) e ferro (42,14%). Os indicadores altura/idade e peso/altura identificaram muitas crianças abaixo de -1 desvio padrão.

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis A among children of the peripheral districts of the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, was estimated by determining serum retinol levels by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in a sample of 131 children aged between three and ten years, between April 1991 and February 1992. A prevalence of 17.6% and retinol concentrations in the range of 0.35 to 0.70 µmol/L were found (CI=11.1-24.1; 95%), indicating the existence of public health risk Ophthalmological examinations, however, failed to detect any cases of xerophthalmy. Additional characterization of the sample was obtained from 341 children. The per capita incorre of the average household was surprisingly high for low-income areas. According to FAO-WHO standards, food consumption was adequate only for protein (133.96%). Adequacy levels were low for energy (87.76%) and particularly for vitamin A (66.13%) and iron (42.14%). Height for-age and weight-for-height anthropometric indices revealed that many children were located below -1 standard deviation.

A prevalência de hipovitaminose A foi determinada pelos níveis séricos de retinol por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (Clae) em 131 crianças com idade entre 3 e 10 anos, residentes em 18 favelas do Município de Campinas, São Paulo, no período de abril de 1991 a fevereiro de 1992. A prevalência encontrada foi 17,6% com níveis entre 0,35 e 0,70 µmol/L (IC=11,1-24,1; 95%), o que indica a existência de certo risco de saúde pública. Entretanto, exames clínicos oftalmológicos não detectaram nenhum caso de xeroftalmia. Informações complementares sobre as características da amostra foram obtidas para 341 crianças. A renda per capita mostrou-se surpreendentemente alta. O consumo alimentar, segundo os critérios da FAO/WHO, só foi adequado para proteínas (133,96%), sendo os menores valores de adequação aqueles encontrados para energia (87,76%) e, principalmente, para vitamina A (66,13%) e ferro (42,14%). Os indicadores altura/idade e peso/altura identificaram muitas crianças abaixo de -1 desvio padrão.

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis A among children of the peripheral districts of the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, was estimated by determining serum retinol levels by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in a sample of 131 children aged between three and ten years, between April 1991 and February 1992. A prevalence of 17.6% and retinol concentrations in the range of 0.35 to 0.70 µmol/L were found (CI=11.1-24.1; 95%), indicating the existence of public health risk Ophthalmological examinations, however, failed to detect any cases of xerophthalmy. Additional characterization of the sample was obtained from 341 children. The per capita incorre of the average household was surprisingly high for low-income areas. According to FAO-WHO standards, food consumption was adequate only for protein (133.96%). Adequacy levels were low for energy (87.76%) and particularly for vitamin A (66.13%) and iron (42.14%). Height for-age and weight-for-height anthropometric indices revealed that many children were located below -1 standard deviation.